Hexagonal Architecture
Hexagonal architecture (or Clean Architecture) organizes an application in concentric layers, with the business core at the center, fully independent from technical details like the database or the web framework. Those external elements only talk to the core through interfaces ("ports") and adapters.
This separation pays off when a project is meant to last: a company migrating from MySQL to PostgreSQL, switching email providers, or adding a new payment integration can do it by touching only one adapter, without risking the business logic. It also makes the code testable: business rules can be validated with fast unit tests, no real database or server required behind them.
The trap is over-architecting a small project with this structure when it has neither the lifespan nor the complexity to justify it: the number of files and interfaces balloons for a limited real gain. Conversely, during a project takeover or a code audit, a total absence of separation between business logic and technical details is almost always a sign of debt that will slow down every future change.
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